Menstrual Pain: Could TENS Become a First-Line Option?
A simple, safe, and evidence-based first-line approach
Menstrual pain, commonly referred to as primary dysmenorrhea, is one of the most frequent causes of pelvic pain among adolescents and women of reproductive age. It typically presents as cramping pain that may persist for several hours to several days at the onset of menstruation. Although often regarded as a normal physiological phenomenon, primary dysmenorrhea is associated with substantial functional consequences, including reduced participation in daily activities, decreased work productivity, school absenteeism, and impaired quality of life (Arik et al., 2022; González-Mena et al., 2024).
With respect to pharmacological management of primary dysmenorrhea, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hormonal therapies remain widely used. However, several authors have raised concerns regarding their optimal effectiveness, particularly in light of potential adverse effects or contraindications in certain patients (Elboim-Gabyzon & Kalichman, 2020; Han et al., 2024). These limitations have contributed to growing interest in nonpharmacological, affordable, and safe approaches, among which transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, commonly known as TENS, is gaining increasing recognition.
TENS as a First-Line Option for Primary Dysmenorrhea
TENS is a noninvasive modality that involves the application of low-intensity electrical currents through electrodes placed on the skin, typically over the abdominal or lumbar regions. This intervention is characterized by its ease of use, low cost, and potential for self-administration, allowing patients to maintain their daily activities during painful episodes (Elboim-Gabyzon & Kalichman, 2020).
Current evidence supports the effectiveness of TENS in reducing pain associated with primary dysmenorrhea. A review of the literature has shown that TENS is more effective than placebo in alleviating menstrual pain (Arik et al., 2022). This meta-analysis synthesized findings from several randomized controlled trials. According to the most recent Cochrane systematic review, both high-frequency and low-frequency TENS may reduce pain compared with placebo or no treatment, although the level of certainty remains moderate due to methodological limitations in the included studies (Han et al., 2024).
Beyond pain reduction, some studies have reported a decrease in analgesic use and an improved ability to maintain daily activities during menstruation. These outcomes are particularly relevant for the overall management of primary dysmenorrhea (Camilo et al., 2023; Han et al., 2024).
Mechanisms of Action of TENS in Menstrual Pain
Primary dysmenorrhea is primarily driven by excessive prostaglandin production, leading to uterine hypercontractility, local vasoconstriction, and transient myometrial ischemia. These processes contribute to painful cramping and heightened pain sensitivity during menstruation (Elboim-Gabyzon & Kalichman, 2020; González-Mena et al., 2024).
TENS modulates menstrual pain through several complementary mechanisms. According to the gate control theory, stimulation of large-diameter afferent fibres inhibits the transmission of nociceptive signals at the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, thereby reducing pain perception (Elboim-Gabyzon & Kalichman, 2020). In addition, TENS promotes the release of endogenous opioids, such as endorphins and enkephalins, contributing to central pain modulation (Han et al., 2024).
It has also been hypothesized that TENS may exert indirect beneficial effects, including increased local circulation and reduced uterine ischemia. These mechanisms are consistent with the pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhea, further supporting the relevance of TENS as an intervention that targets underlying contributors to menstrual pain (Elboim-Gabyzon & Kalichman, 2020).
Safety of TENS
The safety profile of TENS is well established in literature. Clinical studies and comprehensive reviews report a low incidence of adverse effects, which are generally mild and transient, such as minor skin redness at electrode sites (Han et al., 2024). No serious complications have been reported when standard contraindications are respected.
The nonpharmacological nature of TENS represents a major clinical advantage, particularly for patients who experience poor tolerance to medications or who wish to limit their use of analgesics. Moreover, TENS can be used safely throughout the menstrual cycle, without concerns related to dependence or known drug interactions (Elboim-Gabyzon & Kalichman, 2020).
Normalizing the Use of TENS
Despite a growing body of supportive evidence, TENS remains underutilized in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. This situation is partly attributable to the persistent normalization of menstrual pain and the historical prioritization of pharmacological approaches. Normalizing the use of TENS requires acknowledging primary dysmenorrhea as a legitimate pain condition that warrants appropriate, accessible, and patient-centred pain management strategies.
For health care professionals, integrating TENS as a first-line option offers an intervention that promotes patient autonomy, supports activity maintenance, and aligns with a multimodal approach to pain management. TENS may be used alone or in combination with other nonpharmacological interventions, such as therapeutic exercise, thermotherapy, or pain education, within a framework of individualized and evidence-based care (González-Mena et al., 2024; Mendes et al., 2024).
Conclusion
TENS represents a simple, safe, and effective option for pain management in primary dysmenorrhea. Current evidence suggests that initiating its use at the onset of symptoms may be particularly beneficial, especially for women seeking to maintain daily functioning while minimizing reliance on medications. By normalizing its use, health care professionals gain access to a practical tool to improve the management of menstrual pain and contribute to enhanced quality of life for those affected.
Références
Arik, M. I., Kiloatar, H., Aslan, B., & Icelli, M. (2022). The effect of TENS for pain relief in women with primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Explore, 18(2), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2020.08.005
Camilo, F. M., Bossini, P. S., Driusso, P., Ávila, M. A., Parizotto, N. A., Sousa, U. R., & Ramos, R. R. (2023). The effects of electrode placement on analgesia using transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for primary dysmenorrhea: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Cureus, 15(5), e39326. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39326
Elboim-Gabyzon, M., & Kalichman, L. (2020). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for primary dysmenorrhea: An overview. International Journal of Women’s Health, 12, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S220523
González-Mena, Á., Leirós-Rodríguez, R., & Hernández-Lucas, P. (2024). Treatment of women with primary dysmenorrhea with manual therapy and electrotherapy techniques: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzae019
Han, S., Park, K. S., Lee, H., Kim, E., Zhu, X., Lee, J. M., & Suh, H. S. (2024). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for pain control in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024(7), CD013331. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013331.pub2
Mendes, C. F., Oliveira, L. S., Garcez, P. A., Azevedo-Santos, I. F., & DeSantana, J. M. (2024). Effect of different electric stimulation modalities on pain and functionality of patients with pelvic pain: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain Practice. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13417
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